Ecotoxicity of basil (Ocimum Basilicum) extract in aquaculture feeds: Is it really eco-safe for the aquatic environment?

Plant extract and essential oils are gaining application in aquaculture, but data about their environmental impact limited potential effects on aquatic organisms largely unknown. For this study, ecotoxicity tests were performed under standardized conditions fish feed supplemented with 3 % w/w of a basil supercritical (F1-BEO; substance A), F1-BEO (substance B), without C) three model species different trophic levels (bacteria, primary producer, consumer) considered representative for freshwater (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna) marine (A. Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Paracentrotus lividus) ecosystems. Ecotoxicological response was comparable within the same level (whichever ecosystem). EC50 not calculable concentration range here tested (3.9–500 mg/L) microalgae, suggesting that none substances toxic producers. Reduction A. fischeri bioluminescence at (0.5–10 observed only A (EC50 9.53 mg/L 9 ecosystems, respectively). Notably, P. lividus embryotoxicity higher 1.80 C 4.6 than B 7.10 mg/L), effect due to dissolution. In contrast, more 0.34 D. magna 3.98 5.50 mg/L). Based Globally Harmonized System Classification Labelling Chemicals, all categorized Acute 2, except which 1 magna. Overall, found be potentially an ecosystem, especially consumer. Further study plant is needed better understand fate environment.